 We use abbreviations and acronyms every day without thinking about them, and we instantly know the meaning of many of them – abbreviations like FAQs, ETA, IQ, DVDs … And today's text language is full of abbreviations LOL (or lol if you are of the younger generation). When writing, it can be confusing knowing how to write abbreviations and acronyms correctly, and as there are only small style variations, it doesn’t always look wrong to use one or the other. However, to make your writing look professional, there are some style decisions you will need to make when writing in New Zealand English text, so we’ll have a look at what the options are. As always, rule number one is to be consistent within a document, and even across all your writing. It doesn’t look professional, and can cause confusion, if you have, for example, 9 am in one place, but 9 a.m. in another. But first things first: what are abbreviations and acronyms? What’s the difference between abbreviations and acronyms?
The terms abbreviations and acronyms refer to the shortened forms of words, names or phrases. In fact, there are also other terms for specific definitions of the shortened forms of words and phrases. However, these specific definitions can overlap depending on what style guide you are using. And just to make it confusing (or, maybe, simpler), the term abbreviation is often used as an overall term for all the definitions – which is what I will do in this article to simplify things. The New Oxford Style Manual and Fit to Print have these definitions: Abbreviation: a short form of a word created by removing the ends of words. For example, cent. and assoc. (See ‘Punctuation’ below on punctuating abbreviations compared with contractions). Acronym: an abbreviation created by using the initial letter of several words which are pronounced as a new word. For example, PIN, Unesco, Aids, NASA and radar. Initialism: similar to an acronym, but the letters do not make a pronounceable word and are said individually. For example, ANZ, KPI and BMI. Contraction: a short form created by using the first letter(s) and last letter(s) of a word. For example, Mrs, St, dept and Dr. Symbols and signs: these are symbols which represent a word, for example %, $ or #. How to write abbreviations Rule number 2 is that abbreviations can be used to speed up reading and save space, but should not cause confusion. Short form or spelled out? The first time the term is used, it should be spelled out in full, with the abbreviation in brackets. Or, if it is a common term, the spelled-out version can be in the brackets. The World Union for Abbreviations (WUA) is renowned for succinct text. Some people who use computers often have RSI (repetitive strain injury). Here are some general rules about using abbreviations in specific situations.
Punctuation New Zealand English doesn’t use full stops within or at the end of acronyms, contractions and initialisms. Mr, Mrs, Dr, Rd and St Aids, IQ, USA, radar, ANZ, NZ, PO Box m (for metres), kg, kph and km $6 m, $4 b demo and flu (colloquial abbreviations) N, E, S, W (compass directions) Abbreviations, on the other hand, in their strict definition of a word formed by removing the end of a word, still have a full stop in the New Zealand Oxford Dictionary, though this is becoming less common in more informal texts. This is a style decision you can make, but ensure it is consistent. cent. assoc. Co. Exceptions St. for Saint, to avoid confusion with St for Street No. for the Latin numero to avoid confusion with the word no (though the plural of no. is nos) The abbreviations a.m. and p.m. use full stops and a space after the numeral, though some style guides accept am and pm, e.g. 4 p.m. or 4 pm Abbreviations of a single capital letter uses a full stop. G. Lane, Victoria U., but K’ Road. If an abbreviation does end in a full stop, then normal punctuation follows. (Excuse the cheesy examples!) The Abbreviation Assoc., Christchurch But there is no extra full stop if it’s the end of the sentence A building belonged to the Abbreviation Assoc. Capitalisation Some acronyms are now treated as nouns and don’t use capitals. Your best bet is to check the New Zealand Oxford Dictionary for usage, as sometimes both options are acceptable. Aids (also AIDS), radar, Unesco (also UNESCO), ANZAC (for the Australia and New Zealand Army Corps) but Anzac Day and Anzac biscuits. Some abbreviations are shown in small caps. AD 470, 1450 BC An abbreviated unit of measurement is lowercase. 3 kg, 5 m, 100 kph Don’t start a sentence with a lowercase abbreviation, such as ca. or cf. An exception is in footnotes. Units of measurement Units of measurement are lower-case and don’t use full stops. km, m, kph, ha A space between the numeral and the unit of measurement is preferred for style and aesthetic reasons, though newspapers and technical publications often don’t have the space. In this case, pick a style and be consistent, both within the document but also across all your documents. 4 m, 8 ha, 60 kph Only use the abbreviations with numerals, not the spelled-out number. 6 km, six kilometres Don’t add a plural s to km or kg. It was still 10 km to the finish line. We needed 50 kg of cement A or an before an abbreviation Whether you use a or an before an abbreviation depends on the pronunciation, not the spelling. An NZ town (if you say the letters and don't substitute the full New Zealand) An MMP voting system A Nasa rocket A radar signal An HD TV An RSI sufferer Possessives Possessives of abbreviations are formed in the same way they are with words. A CEO’s position The MPs’ vote Avoid writing possessives with the acronym in a bracket; it is better to rearrange the text and spell out at the next use. ✘ The BNZ’s (Bank of New Zealand) logo is blue and yellow. ✔ The logo of the BNZ (Bank of New Zealand) is blue and yellow. Plurals Despite what you often see on signs around town, abbreviations form the plural in the same way as words – by adding an s. DVDs FAQs or faqs VIPs For plurals of abbreviations formed as a single letter, an apostrophe can be clearer. He got all A’s in his exams Minding your p’s and q’s Names and titles Initials of first names are separated by full stops, but no spaces. J.K. Rowling, J.S. Bach An exception is in newspapers and scientific publications, which may leave out the full stops. JRR Tolkein, George W Bush Names of people commonly known by their abbreviation don’t take full stops or spaces. JFK Titles following a name, such as titles of honour, are usually in capitals. Dame Jane Campion, DNZM Dame Malvina Major, ONZ, GNZM, DBE Titles before a name don’t have a full stop . Mr Joe Bloggs Mrs Jane Smith Dr S. Brown Capt James Cook, but Captain Cook (not abbreviated without the fist name) Letters of achievement don’t have a full stop and are separated by commas. James Knight, DPd, BA Sarah White, Bsc In headings Headings are used for clarity and orientation around a document. Therefore, to avoid confusion or errors incomprehension, avoid the use of abbreviations in headings. But there are some instances where this is unavoidable, in which case, use the rules below.
Latin abbreviations Latin abbreviations should not be used in body text and should really only be used in footnotes or where space is at a premium. This also applies to the common ones: e.g., i.e. and etc. – use the full form. Use a comma before e.g., i.e. and etc. but not after. Baking, e.g. cakes and biscuits Baking, i.e. sweet food cooked in an oven The vet treated the cats, dogs, sheep, etc. and then went home. Don’t begin a list that ends in etc. with such as, for example and like, as these already indicate that the list is incomplete. Geographical names There is no punctuation in place names Mt Cook Wallis Ave Pt Chevallier, but Pleasant Point Dudson Tce UK, NZ, USA, though spelling out is preferred in more formal texts. Symbols When symbols are used, there is no space between the numeral and the symbol 10% $6 30c 180° Specific styles Legal and scientific documents have their own style guide. Check the house style guide or the appropriate style guide. Bibliographies and references also have their own style guide. Refer to the style guides, e.g. Harvard, APA, Vancouver, etc. for the appropriate styling of references How can I check? Dictionaries will include abbreviations, so you can check the capitalisation, punctuation and spacing for individual words. What next? If you have written a book in New Zealand English and this all sounds too overwhelming, I can help. I am a copy-editor and proofreader based in New Zealand. My business, Clearlingo Editing and Proofreading, caters to all writers of fiction and non-fiction books. I can discuss with you where your book is at and what you need to do next. For more information on how I can help you make your book shine, please contact me on: www.clearlingo.co.nz/contact. I would love to hear from you. Sources: Hughes, J., & Wallace, D. (2010). Fit to Print : The Writing & Editing Style Guide for Aotearoa New Zealand. Wellington, New Zealand: Dunmore Publishing. Oxford University Press, (2016). New Oxford Style Manual (3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Comments are closed.
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Marja StackMarja Stack is a copy-editor and proofreader based in New Zealand. Her business, Clearlingo Editing and Proofreading, caters to all writers of fiction or non-fiction books. For more information or enquiries for how she can help you make your book shine, please see her website: www.clearlingo.co.nz. Categories
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Previous PostsNew Zealand English Series
- NZE: The 'singular they' - NZE: How to use italics - NZE: How to write numbers - NZE: How to write abbreviations - NZE: How to punctuate dialogue - NZE: hyphens, en dashes and em dashes - NZE: How to write times and dates - NZE: Possessives - NZE: Is our spelling different? - NZE: Burned vs Burnt - NZE: Using Māori words in English text - NZE: -ise vs -ize endings - NZE: Single or double quote marks - NZE: Punctuation inside or outside quotation marks? The Editing Process - How to self-publish your book in New Zealand - When is my book ready for publishing? - Types of editing - 5 things to tell your editor - The revision and editing process - What are beta readers? - What to expect when you get your manuscript back - How to order the pages of a book - Fact checking fiction writing - Formatting your manuscript for submission - How long does it take to edit a book? General Editing - Why I belong to editing associations - How to write recipes for cookbooks and blogs Technical - How to use Tracked Changes in Word - How to use basic Word Styles - How to fix common formatting errors in Word 
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