 Is it I burned the toast or I burnt the toast? What sounds the most natural to you? Is one more correct than the other? Does one sound more old-fashioned than the other? And, which one is correct for New Zealand English? Irregular verb endings Regular verbs take an -ed ending in the past tense (e.g. climb, climbed or laugh, laughed). Some irregular verbs always take a -t ending in the past tense (Build, built - you wouldn’t say builded) However, there are (of course; there always are) some that can have either option. And there are differences between American English and British/New Zealand English. Here is a table of some of the irregular verbs and their preferred endings. These are not hard and fast, as you will see, and people may disagree with the table.  Confused? You are not the only one. Looking up the New Zealand Oxford English dictionary doesn’t give us a general rule for which one to use either. It has “learned or learnt”, “Burnt or burned” and “Spelt or spelled”. In general terms, only the -ed version is accepted in American English (except for knelt and dreamt). Whereas in British English, traditionally the -t endings have been preferred. New Zealand English (once again) follows British English. I learned French - American English and acceptable in British/New Zealand English I learnt French - Most common in British/New Zealand English But today there are a few verbs that can have either in British English, or they have moved completely to -ed. Language is always changing and it appears that British English is starting to move towards more -ed endings. Below is an ngram graph which takes words from of millions of online books and compares the percentage of times each is used over time. Below, burned and burnt are compared in British English from 1800 to 2000.  As you can see, it used to be much more clear cut to use burnt, and only very recently burned started to take over.
Rules? There are several theories of rules on where to use which ending, but again, these which are very subjective and may not work in all situations. For example, that you would use -ed in the past tense and -t endings as the past participle I learned French at school - past tense I have learnt French but forgotten it - past participle Or, that it depends on whether the duration of the action is important or not. The fire burned for days - duration important She burnt her finger - not important As adjectives One rule that does seem fixed is that when the root is used as an adjective, the verb ending is fixed. burnt toast spilt milk spoilt child learned person (pronounced learn-ed) So, what does this tell us? It tells us that traditionally, most of the time, -t endings were preferred in British (and therefore New Zealand) English. But it also tells us that this is changing (and there will be all sorts of theories on why). So, in your writing, you get to choose. But make sure you make it consistent. Either follow the ‘rules’ or choose one ending style and stick with it. What next? If you have written a book in New Zealand English and this all sounds too overwhelming, I can help. I am a copy-editor and proofreader based in New Zealand. My business, Clearlingo Editing and Proofreading, caters to all writers of fiction and non-fiction books. I can discuss with you where your book is at and what you need to do next. For more information on how I can help you make your book shine, please contact me on: www.clearlingo.co.nz/contact. I would love to hear from you. Comments are closed.
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